Individual psychotherapy has been operationalized as any intervention designed to alter attitudes, thoughts, feelings, and actions of a person who has sought or been brought to treatment with distress and/or maladaptive behaviour.

Couples and family therapy departs radically from traditional mental health in that it looks to the family or the relationship and the context in which it is embedded to understand mental health issues, rather than focusing solely at an individual as the source of mental health problems.

Teletherapy is defined here as digital psychotherapy conducted one-on-one with a live therapist that is remotely located over a technological device (e.g., personal computer, laptop, tablet, or smartphone) that is private and confidential.

With subject choice counselling as a forerunner to career guidance counselling, Career and subject choice guidance counselling can be defined broadly as the process in which a professional guidance counsellor helps an individual or a group of individuals to make satisfying career- and school subject-related decisions.

Sport psychology generally refers to the assessment of and interventions involving psychological aspects connected to sport, whether consulting with whole teams or counselling of individuals.

As a subspeciality of psychology, neuropsychology refers to the investigation into the complex properties of the brain that give rise to our behaviour, cognition, and emotions.